1/23/2024 0 Comments Plants that make sporesEndosporic species are thus usually dioecious, a condition that promotes outcrossing. The microspores of both exosporic and endosporic species are free-sporing, distributed by wind, water or animal vectors, but in endosporic species the megaspores and the megagametophyte contained within are retained and nurtured by the sporophyte phase. In endosporic species, the gametophytes of both sexes are very highly reduced and contained within the spore wall. In exosporic species, the smaller spores germinate into free-living male gametophytes and the larger spores germinate into free-living female gametophytes. While heterosporous plants produce fewer megaspores, they are significantly larger than their male counterparts. This results in the formation of a fertilized diploid zygote, that develops into the sporophyte embryo. They develop archegonia that produce egg cells that are fertilized by sperm of the male gametophyte originating from the microspore. Megaspores contain the female gametophytes in heterosporic plant species. The morphology of the microspore consists of an outer double walled structures surrounding the dense cytoplasm and central nucleus. Microspores are not flagellated, and are therefore not capable of active movement. Microspores are haploid spores that in endosporic species contain the male gametophyte, which is carried to the megaspores by wind, water currents or animal vectors. Seed plants constitute the largest subsection of heterosporic plants. Heterosporic plants that produce seeds are their most successful and widespread descendants. Both heterospory and endospory seem to be one of the many precursors to seed plants and the ovary. Modern heterosporous plants such as many ferns exhibit endospory, in which a megagametophyte is fertilized by a microgametophyte all while still inside the spore wall, gaining nutrients from the inside of spore. For example, the species Lepidophloios, also known as the scale tree, has been shown in fossils to have been heterosporous The scale tree had separate cones containing either male or female spores on the same plant. Differing sized spores have been observed in many fossilized plant species. In addition to being an outcome of competition for light, it is thought that heterospory was more successful in wetter areas because the megaspore could move more easily around in an aquatic environment while microspores were more easily dispersed by wind. Heterospory is thought to have emerged in the Devonian era, mostly in wet/damp places based on fossil record evidence. Heterospory evolved from homospory many times, but the species in which it first appeared are now extinct. Heterosporous spores can respond independently to selection by ecological conditions in order to strengthen male and female reproductive function. Heterospory is advantageous in that having two different types of spores increases the likeliness that plants would successfully produce offspring. This may first have led to an increase in spore size and ultimately resulted in the species producing larger megaspores as well as smaller microspores. Disruptive selection within species resulted in there being two separate sexes of gamete or even the whole plant. Heterospory and separate sporangia probably evolved in response to competition for light. During the Devonian period there were many species that utilized vertical growth to capture more sunlight. It is proposed that the emergence of heterosporous plants started with the separation of sporangia, which allowed for the development of two different spore types numerous small spores that are easily dispersed, and fewer, larger spores that contain adequate resources to support the developing seedling. Heterosporous plants, similar to anisosporic plants, produce two different sized spores in separate sporangia that develop into separate male and female gametophytes. Heterospory evolved due to natural selection that favoured an increase in propagule size compared with the smaller spores of homosporous plants. This occurred as part of the process of evolution of the timing of sex differentiation. Heterospory evolved during the Devonian period from isospory independently in several plant groups: the clubmosses, the ferns including the arborescent horsetails, and progymnosperms. The smaller of these, the microspore, is male and the larger megaspore is female. Heterospory is the production of spores of two different sizes and sexes by the sporophytes of land plants. A male pinecone ( Pinophyta) produces the microspores of this heterosporic plant. The production of spores of two different sizes and sexes by several groups of land plants A female pinecone ( Pinophyta) produces the megaspores of this heterosporic plant.
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